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Date: April 29, 2024 Mon
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Results for waste management
22 results foundAuthor: D'Amato, Alessio Title: Bureaucrats vs the Mafia: Corruption, Extortion and Illegal Waste Disposal Summary: We develop a simple model where an economic agent chooses the level of legal and illegal disposal. Illegal disposal implies corruption of a bureaucrat in charge of waste management. In the absence of a criminal organization, illegal disposal is performed by the agent, who is subject to enforcement and bribes the bureaucrat. At the opposite, in the presence of a criminal organization, illegal disposal is performed by the mafia, which requires an extortion rate from the agent and bribes the public official; in this latter case no enforcement on the agent is possible. The environmental authority sets the enforcement e¤ort as well as the waste tax rate. In our setting the waste tax rate can be either budget balancing or optimally de ned. Results suggest that the presence of the ma fia leads to a larger illegal disposal and a larger economic activity. Enforcement is always smaller in the presence of the mafi a under the optimal tax rate, while the results are ambiguous under a budget balancing tax rate. Interestingly, the optimal tax rate implies smaller incentives for the criminal organization to enter the market, and welfare might be higher when the mafia is present. Details: Unpublished paper: 2011. 16p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 13, 2012 at: http://www.webmeets.com/files/papers/EAERE/2011/434/Corruption_Mafia_Waste_EAERE2011.pdf Year: 2011 Country: International URL: http://www.webmeets.com/files/papers/EAERE/2011/434/Corruption_Mafia_Waste_EAERE2011.pdf Shelf Number: 123602 Keywords: BriberyCorruptionExtortionOrganized CrimeWaste Management |
Author: Huglo Lepage & Partners Title: Study on Environmental Crime in the 27 Member States Summary: On 27 January 2003, on the initiative of the Kingdom of Denmark, the Council of the European Union adopted the framework Decision. Based on Title VI of the Treaty on European Union, the framework decision constitutes, as is clear from the first three recitals in its preamble, the instrument by which the European Union intends to respond with concerted action to the disturbing increase in offences posing a threat to the environment. The framework decision lays down a number of environmental offences, in respect of which the Member States are required to prescribe criminal penalties. The framework decision distinguished environmental offences committed intentionally from negligent offences. The requested study does not explicitly mention this distinction. We understand that it should cover both intentional and negligent offences. With regard to the environmental offences, the framework decision stated in its articles 2 to 7 that : Member States shall adopt necessary measures to qualify these infringement as criminal offences; Member States shall ensure that, under national legislation, participating or instigating the offences is punishable The criminal penalties laid down in each Member State shall be “effective, proportionate and dissuasive” and shall include, at least in serious cases, penalties involving deprivation of liberty which can give rise to extradition. Criminal penalties may be accompanied by other penalties or measures. Legal persons shall be liable as the result of an act or omission and the sanctions to which they are to be subject under national legislation shall include criminal and non-criminal fines and may include other sanctions. The other provisions of the framework decision were dealing with jurisdiction , extradition and prosecutions of persons who have committed environmental offences. In case C-176/03 the Commission, supported by the European Parliament, requested the Court to annul the framework decision in its entirety, claiming that article 2 to 7 of the act were falling within the Community’s competence. In its judgment given on 13 September 2005, the Court held that, although the Community legislature has no general competence in criminal matters, it is competent, under Article 175 EC, to require the Member States to prescribe penalties for infringements of Community environment-protection legislation if it takes the view that that is a necessary means of ensuring that the EC environmental legislation is effective. In other word the Court considered that the (partial) harmonisation of national criminal laws, in particular of the constituent elements of environmental offences and of the criminal penalties attached to these offences, is designed to support the EC environmental policy. It stems from the Judgment of the Court that the EC legislature can adopt a Directive based on article 175 EC if : The main purpose of this act is the protection of the environment; Member States national legislation differ as regards the constituent elements of various criminal offences committed to the detriment of the environment; The criminal penalties applicable to the various criminal offences differ greatly from one Member State to another and are not effective, proportionate and dissuasive • Aim and scope of the study The European Commission plans to submit to the European Parliament and the Council a proposal for a directive on environmental crime. In order to justify its proposal with regards to the above mentioned Court judgement, the Commission needs to demonstrate that a harmonisation of criminal laws of the Member States, in particular of the constituent elements of environmental offences and of the criminal penalties attached to these offences, is necessary to ensure the proper implementation of EC environmental legislation. Therefore, it is necessary for the Commission to be able to provide the Council and the Parliament with an overview of the current legislation in the Member states regarding criminal offences that differ from those covered in the Framework decision, in order to justify the harmonisation of these measures. A first step in a harmonisation effort is that the Commission should know how the non-respect of national rules implementing specific provisions of 4 Directives and 1 Regulation are sanctioned in the various member states today. The relevant environmental offences are: the unlawful discharge of hazardous substances into water; the unlawful dumping of waste; the illegal shipment of waste as defined in Article 2(35) of the Waste Shipment Regulations; the unlawful significant deterioration of a protected habitat; the unlawful trade in or use of ozone-depleting substances Three studies have already been carried out on this issue on behalf of the Commission in 2002 and 2003. However, theses studies did not cover the exact same offences and did not cover the now 27 Members States. Besides, the information contained in these previous studies had to be updated. The study covers the five listed offences and aims at conveying a clear overview of the national legislation in force and the levels of sanctions. Although the case law and the judicial practice may influence the effectiveness of penalties, this study covers only legislation and not case law or judicial practice. Details: Brussels: Huglo Lepage & Partners, 2007. 16p.; appendices Source: Internet Resource: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/legal/crime/pdf/report_environmental_crime.pdf Year: 2007 Country: Europe URL: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/legal/crime/pdf/report_environmental_crime.pdf Shelf Number: 123676 Keywords: Hazardous WastesIllegal WastesOffences Against the EnvironmentOzone DepletionWaste Management |
Author: International Solid Waste Association Title: A Roadmap for Closing Waste Dumpsites: The World's Most Polluted Places Summary: From December 2015 to June 2016, in only seven months, ISWA has recorded more than 750 deaths related to poor waste management in dumpsites and several incidents with important health impacts (see chapter "Alarming Signals"). There is no doubt about it: dumpsites are a global health and environmental emergency. Dumpsites receive roughly 40% of the world's waste and they serve about 3-4 billion people. As an example, the 50 biggest dumpsites affect the daily lives of 64 million people, a population the size of France. As urbanization and population growth will continue, it is expected that at least several hundreds of millions more people will be served by dumpsites, mainly in the developing world. If the situation follows the business as usual scenario then dumpsites will account for 8-10 % of the global anthropogenic GHG emissions by 2025. The operation of dumpsites damages the health and violates the human rights of the hundreds of millions of people that are living in their surroundings or even inside them. As is demonstrated later in this report, closing the world's dumpsites becomes a central element for the progress of the Sustainability Development Goals (SDGs). Ensuring proper sanitation and solid waste management sits alongside the provision of potable water, shelter, food, energy, transport and communications as essential to society and to the economy as a whole. It is important to remember that closing down a dumpsite is neither a simple nor an easy task. It requires an alternative waste management system, so it requires adequate planning, institutional and administrative capacity, financial resources, social support and finally political consensus. All of these conditions are really difficult and sometimes impossible to meet in countries where dumpsites are the dominant method of waste disposal and level of governance quality is questionable. This report provides the guidance required, to each and every local authority or government, for the process and procedures required to close a dumpsite and develop an alternative sound waste management system. The report proves that all the elements for closing a dumpsite (technical, financial, governance and social) are proven and available. The report proves that for each and every case, there is a Roadmap that drives to an improved waste management system with minimum environmental and health impacts. However, it is well known that many poor countries face serious barriers in their efforts to attract International Development Assistance because usually they lack the minimum administrative structures and know-how to prepare the relevant paperwork and strategic frameworks. This results in an inconvenient truth: without a proper international community intervention, those countries will not be able to close their dumpsites and upgrade their waste management systems and the vast health and environmental impacts of dumpsites will only grow and expand. Taking into account that some of the poorest countries of the world are the ones with the most rapid population growth, it is obvious that the health threats will be very important, especially in the world's emerging megacities. With the current level of interconnectivity, certainly this can't be considered as a local problem and the international community can't close its eyes in front of the frightening prospect of mega-dumpsites that will affect the lives of hundreds of millions of people. ISWA believes that speaking about the change required is not enough anymore. Making reports, presentations and supporting local authorities and governments for a more sustainable waste management is a starting point, but more tangible and game-changing activities are required, like the recent ISWAs Scholarship Program. The program targets kids who are sorting garbage in dumpsites called Nueva Vida and La Chureca in Nicaragua. The program provides funding and administration for removing 40 children from the dumpsites and providing them with a quality education for two years. ISWA hopes that the program will be further expanded with the support of other organizations and donors. ISWA calls everyone to cooperate and contribute towards a world without dumpsites. As a first step, ISWA calls on the international community to cooperate, in every possible form, for the immediate closure of the 50 most polluting dumpsites of the world. This single, but not simple, target will immediately improve: - The health conditions of millions of people. - The quality of life for the millions living around and inside the dumpsites. - The business landscape in the developing world, as closing the dumpsites is a key-element for the development of new markets related to waste management and recycling services. In addition, closing the world's dumpsites will provide substantial reduction of CO2 emissions and it will decrease the leakages of solid waste to the oceans, as many dumpsites are located near the coast or inland waterways. Details: Vienna, Austria: International Solid Waste Association, 2017. 124p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 7, 2019 at: https://www.iswa.org/fileadmin/galleries/About%20ISWA/ISWA_Roadmap_Report.pdf Year: 2017 Country: International URL: https://www.iswa.org/home/news/news-detail/browse/12/article/closing-the-worlds-biggest-dumpsites-executive-summary-now-available/109/programmes/ Shelf Number: 155340 Keywords: Dumping Dumpsites Environmental Crime Illegal Dumping Pollution Waste Management |
Author: Bhagwat, Rohit Title: Site Waste Management Practices in Construction Industry in United Kingdom Summary: The construction industry in United Kingdom has long been away from environmental issues including resource efficiency, waste management, etc. One of the main impacts that they have is the waste that they generate through their activities. Construction sector in UK is one of the fastest growing sector, it contributes to 8.2% of the country's GDP and employs about 2.1 million people (DTI, 2006) and generates approximately 32% of the total waste generated in the country and most of the waste from this sector goes to landfill sites (Defra, 2004). The government published a policy document in 2004 in order to try and initiate better waste management activities within the construction sector. The aim of this project is to assess waste management practices within the construction sector. Overall objectives of this work are to review this policy document and see how it helps the industry to start with the waste management practices and what impact this police has on construction activities (Chapter 2). Further, this work incorporates a few case studies which are based on sound waste management practices and discusses what sorts of benefits they achieve after doing waste management (Chapter 3). The last part of this project talks about a few alternatives or new options in terms of materials which could be promoted and used by the construction sector in UK in order to reduce the pressure on natural resources and to support waste management initiatives within the sector (Chapter 4). Details: Manchester, England: University of Manchester, 2008. Source: Internet Resource Dissertation: Accessed May 23, 2019 at: Rutgers School of Criminal Justice Library Year: 2008 Country: United Kingdom URL: Shelf Number: 156038 Keywords: Construction Industry Environmental Crime Illegal Dumping Illegal Waste Disposal Offenses Against the Environment Waste Management |
Author: Wambui, Maina Anne Title: Mobile Technology Based Framework for Curbing Illegal Dumping of Solid Waste through Citizen Observatory a Case Study of Nairobi's Residential Areas, Kenya Summary: Citizens of a country are the main asset to any nation‟s growth. A healthy nation requires a healthy workforce. While littering bylaws have been in place for a long time in Kenya, enforcement of the same has had a large share of difficulties because of failures to involve all stakeholders. The main objective of this research study was to address the communication barrier as one of the factors contributing to poor management of environmental conservation where by most citizens face the challenge of informing the relevant authorities about illegal waste dumping. The research intended to design a mobile technology framework that will promote public participation for efficient and effective means of reporting information on illegal waste dumping to relevant authorities, which would enable the later to process the information, store it, and disseminate it. The study explored the communication challenge affecting the issue of environmental management and conservation across the city using document reviews and responses from a sample size of 23 respondents drawn from the compliance and enforcement wing of the National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA) and 400 members of the community through questionnaires. The data collected was quantitatively analysed using SPSS version 22 and MS Excel 2013 and presented using charts, frequency tables and graphs. The design of the framework was based on the logical flow of the information and dataflow diagrams in accordance to what the user would like to see implemented in the system. When the feedback was sort from the regulatory agency (NEMA), it was found that the framework articulates solutions to envisaged challenges in the reporting of illegal waste dumping to environmental management bodies. The framework further presents benefits to the citizens in terms of a healthy environment. The results of this study will benefit stakeholders that influence environmental conservation in one way or another i.e. NEMA; County Government; Residents and business owners; Health Sectors, and Industries (both manufacturing and recycling / garbage collection industries) among others. It is recommended to implement a system based on the proposed framework to further test the viability of the solutions to challenges discussed in this report. The system can then be tested and the framework improved on. Since the study was carried out in Nairobi County the data and the conclusions made in this study may only be a unique indicator to this county. The unique attributes of Nairobi are not identical to other towns and counties and thus the findings are not generalizable. To overcome this limitation, it is recommended that a similar study be done in other towns to reveal more on illegal waste dumping and management of the same. In carrying out comprehensive research on illegal waste dumping, it is also recommended that views from other authorities responsible for environmental matters be sought especially in different departments of different organizations that deal with compliance and enforcements. Details: United States International University, 2016. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 23, 2019 at: http://erepo.usiu.ac.ke/handle/11732/2729 Year: 2016 Country: Kenya URL: http://erepo.usiu.ac.ke/bitstream/handle/11732/2729/Anne%20Maina.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Shelf Number: 156045 Keywords: Citizen Observatory Environmental Crime Illegal Dumping Illegal Waste Disposal Kenya Littering Mobile Technology Offences against the Environment Waste Management |
Author: Webb, Barry Title: Fly-tipping: Causes, Incentives and Solutions Summary: Fly-tipping is currently receiving a good deal of policy attention from the UK government. While the Environment Agency is responsible for dealing with the serious end of the problem, it is local authorities which have to tackle the large volume of fly-tipping. Much has been done to increase the powers available to local authorities in taking action against fly-tippers. However, there is now growing interest in working out how to prevent fly-tipping from happening in the first place. The aims of this project were to develop a better understanding of the incentives for, and 'causes' of fly-tipping as it affects local authorities, and to provide advice and guidance on how to develop more effective strategies aimed at reducing and preventing the problem. The project involved collecting and analysing information from a number of different sources:- a thorough review of the available literature on fly-tipping;- interrogation of the Flycapture database;- a national survey of all waste collection and disposal authorities in England;- case study work in 10 areas;- a national survey of 2,000 householders;- an analysis of data on convicted fly-tippers; and- one-to-one interviews with 10 offenders and 10 trades people. The study produced two documents: A research report, describing the results of the research and drawing out the implications for policy and practice; and a Good Practice Guide for local authorities, with practice recommendations supported with evidence. This is the research report. Details: London: Jill Dando Institute of Crime Science, 2006. 80p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 23, 2019 at: http://www.tacklingflytipping.com/Documents/NFTPG-Files/Jill-Dando-report-flytipping-research-report.pdf Year: 2006 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238523261_Fly-tipping_Causes_Incentives_and_Solutions Shelf Number: 106606 Keywords: Environmental Crime Fly-Tipping Hazardous Waste Household Waste Illegal Dumping Offences Against the Environment Waste Management |
Author: Beasley Associates Title: Tip of the Binberg: Exploring the Full Cost of Waste Crime in Greater Manchester Summary: Beasley Associates and RGR were commissioned by Dsposal, supported by the GC Business Growth Hub, to deliver a study on waste crime in Greater Manchester with a focus on flytipping. The research assessed the costs of waste crime in the region, considered why and how waste crime happens, analysed public awareness of their legal duties with waste and identified opportunities to intervene, recognising that local authorities, businesses and communities are tackling the challenge and building momentum for their efforts. Fly-tipping is a significant and persistent problem in Greater Manchester, with local authorities reporting nearly 53,000 separate incidents in 2016/17 - 144 incidents for every single day of the year, producing an estimated average of nearly 20,000 tonnes of illegally dumped waste that year. This endemic illegal activity has a notable negative effect on the Greater Manchester economy. It cost the councils of Greater Manchester nearly 4.9 million pounds in 2016/17 in clearance and enforcement costs, with the revenue from fines and Fixed Penalty Notices barely making a dent in this cost. In addition, a conservative average estimate of around 750,000 pounds represents income lost by not recycling these materials and further to this, Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs loses out on VAT and Income Tax on an element of the estimated 3 million pounds a year generated in cash sales by 'man and a van' operators providing waste clearance services in and around Greater Manchester. The circumstances in which this persistent but relatively low-level waste crime breeds are encouraged by the prioritisation by the public of low cost and convenience when choosing waste clearance services (as evidenced by the research commissioned from YouGov), rather than compliance with the public's Duty of Care. Awareness of public legal obligations on waste is low and confused and this is capitalised upon by several 'man and van' waste clearance operators who obfuscate even the best-intentioned members of the public trying to 'do the right thing' and deal with their waste properly and legally. The councils of Greater Manchester are tackling the challenge of fly-tipping and have achieved some success despite the severe restrictions on the resources available to them and the limited effect so far of national campaigns to raise awareness of legal responsibilities on waste for business and householders alike. To make further headway in tackling fly-tipping across Greater Manchester requires all those with an interest to collaborate and build on the substantial efforts already being made in the face of an endemic problem. We have offered some broad recommendations for further consideration. a) Highlight the cost of fly-tipping clearance in any new communications campaigns, as this is money that could be better spent on other local authority services. This approach of using hard hitting financial facts does seem to resonate and find traction with residents who may be less receptive to environmental campaigns. b) Seek to recover more of the costs of clearance through fines and enforcement activities, which presently contribute only modestly towards the total costs. This will require a greater investment in enforcement activities, however it is possible for a sound business case to be developed based on future cost avoidance. c) Devise new communications to localise messages about the importance of staying within the law and being aware of Carriers' Licences and Waste Transfer Notes. This could include targeted social and print media advertising, alongside the waste clearance adverts so that they have prominence in juxtaposition to the classified advertisements and social media pages. d) Focus general communications activity on the need for local action, and highlight distinctive local issues such as back alleys, utilising the existing good practice work of agencies such as Keep Britain Tidy and well developed local campaigns such as Hertfordshire Waste Partnership's Fly-Tipping Campaign. e) Engage the Environment Agency (EA) by consistently supporting them with intelligence on illegal operators, including reporting advertisers erroneously using the EA logo to gain credibility for their service. f) Simplify how householders and businesses can access quality assured information about legal, compliant collectors and waste managers. This could involve some form of validation service for collectors and operators, involving a new collaboration between the GMCA, the ten local district authorities of Greater Manchester, the Environment Agency, representative trade bodies such as the ESA and the Chartered Institution of Wastes Management, utilising the expertise of service providers such as Disposal. g) Further research should be commissioned which investigates the true level of knowledge and understanding amongst businesses about their duty of care and explores their main drivers in terms of selecting disposal services. This will provide evidence to judge whether there is any parity between the householder view and local businesses and help provide focus for any subsequent targeted campaign work. Details: Manchester, England: Beasley Associates & Ray Georgeson Resources for Disposal & GC Business Growth Hub, 2018. 55p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 28, 2019 at: https://ciwm-journal.co.uk/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Tip-of-the-Binberg-Full-Report.pdf Year: 2018 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://dsposal.uk/articles/tip-of-the-binberg/ Shelf Number: 156039 Keywords: Environmental CrimeFly-tippingIllegal DumpingIllegal WasteOffences Against the EnvironmentWaste Management |
Author: Simpson, Glenn Title: Local Action to Address Littering and Fly Tipping in the UK Summary: This Very Rapid Review (VRR) of the evidence on the topic of addressing littering and fly tipping was conducted in response to a request from the Mill Hill and Wensley Fold Neighbourhood for Learning (NfL) in the local authority area of Blackburn with Darwen (BwD), Ellesmere Port Town NfL in Cheshire West and Chester and St Georges NfL in Preston, Lancashire. This VRR will support these programmes of work, which are aimed at improving the condition of the local environment in these NsFL. The review explores the evidence base in relation to identifying the most effective local or neighbourhood scale preventative littering and fly tipping initiatives. Particular attention will focus on those initiatives that specifically support neighbourhood systems resilience action. It is important to note that by design VRRs are not intended to be comprehensive in scope, rather they provide a 'snapshot' of some of the available evidence that is focused on a tightly defined topic or closely related set of topics. Details: Liverpool, United Kingdom: CLAHRC NWC Public Health Theme, 2018. 29p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 28, 2019 at: https://www.clahrc-nwc.nihr.ac.uk/media/Info%20Hub/Local%20action%20to%20address%20littering%20and%20fly%20tipping%20.pdf Year: 2018 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://www.clahrc-nwc.nihr.ac.uk/media/Info%20Hub/Local%20action%20to%20address%20littering%20and%20fly%20tipping%20.pdf Shelf Number: 156040 Keywords: Fly-Tipping Illegal Dumping Illegal Waste Littering Offences Against the Environment Rapid Review Waste Management |
Author: Calderdale Council Title: Overcoming the Blight of Fly Tipping: A Report of the Health and Social Care Scrutiny Panel Summary: This report contains the background and findings of the Health and Social Care Scrutiny Panel's scrutiny of fly tipping in Calderdale. The Panel appointed a Member Working Party of 3 Members to undertake the detailed scrutiny; which commenced its work in September 2008. Details: Calderdale, United Kingdom: Calderdale Council, 2009. 21p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 28, 2019 at: https://www.calderdale.gov.uk/v2/sites/default/files/scrutiny-flytipping.pdf Year: 2009 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://www.calderdale.gov.uk/v2/sites/default/files/scrutiny-flytipping.pdf Shelf Number: 156041 Keywords: Fly-Tipping Illegal Dumping Illegal Waste Disposal Littering Waste Management |
Author: Zero Waste Scotland Title: Evidence Review of Flytipping Behaviour Summary: Tackling flytipping is an integral part of achieving a zero waste society - a society where the value of resources is recognised, we use (or reuse) them more efficiently, and where they are recycled rather than thrown away, we retain value in Scotland's economy. Flytipping represents waste that is disposed of illegally and irresponsibly, and - because there is significant potential to reuse or recycle these materials before they are exposed to the elements - tackling the problem is central to the ethos of a zero waste society. Flytipping also imposes significant financial costs on national and local government, businesses, and other organisations, many of which are ultimately borne by the public, either as taxpayers or customers. This report provides a summary of evidence relating to the problem of flytipping in Scotland. It collates insights gained from flytipping research and intervention projects supported by Zero Waste Scotland (ZWS) over the past years. The evidence base on flytipping is variable in extent, and, as a result, this report adds more to some areas of our knowledge than others. The report revisits, and where possible updates, estimates on quantities, type, and source of flytipping incidents originally set out in ZWS's flagship report "Scotland's Litter Problem" in 2013 the first time the problem had been systematically examined in Scotland. For the first time, we also present publically findings from a ZWS survey in 2014 on public attitudes and experiences of flytipping in Scotland. The report further contains a summary of flytipping-specific behavioural drivers which were not explored in detail in the litter report mentioned above. Behavioural drivers were identified through a desk-based review of sources published in the UK and abroad. Detail on the review methodology and a summary of the individual sources can be requested from ZWS. The report also presents some information on effective countermeasures. However, this is largely based on knowledge we already hold as an organisation as our desk-based review has found little additional information. While we have looked at studies on waste crime elsewhere in the UK for comparison and insight as we hoped to find evidence of "what works" in terms of anti-flytipping enforcement and interventions, we have been forced to conclude the existing evidence base for this is very limited. New developments in monitoring in Scotland may enable more robust conclusions in future, and an increased focus on waste crime across the UK, and internationally, may help provide a broader range of examples elsewhere in future. ZWS will continue to actively monitor developments in this area. This report addresses the following topics: - How much flytipping takes place in Scotland, - What waste types flytipping is made up of, - What flytipping costs Sottish society, - What the known drivers of flytipping are, - How flytipping is perceived by the public, - Evidence on effective countermeasures. Evidence on drivers for flytipping and effective countermeasures is an area of growing concern in Scotland and elsewhere, as the consequences and costs of waste crime become better understood, and as new technology enables better monitoring of both the problem, and the effectiveness of different interventions. This report is a starting point for improving our understanding of what works, but we look forward to future developments in this area. Details: Stirling, Scotland: Zero Waste Scotland, 2017. 39p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 28, 2019 at: https://www.zerowastescotland.org.uk/sites/default/files/Evidence%20Review%20of%20Flytipping%20Behaviour.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://www.zerowastescotland.org.uk/litter-flytipping/flytipping-evidence-review Shelf Number: 156042 Keywords: Environmental Crime Fly-Tipping Illegal Dumping Illegal Waste Offences Against the Environment Recycle Waste Crime Waste Management |
Author: London Environment Director's Network Title: Understanding and Tackling Fly-Tipping in London Summary: This report presents research conducted by Keep Britain Tidy in partnership with the London Environment Directors' Network (LEDNet) as part of a project to better understand the triggers and barriers that lead to fly-tipping in London, and to identify opportunities for addressing these. The project is being delivered in two stages:- Stage One: Research to better understand the issue of fly-tipping in London (January to May 2018) - Stage Two: Piloting interventions to change behaviour (July 2018 onwards). This report presents the findings and outcomes from Stage One, which will be used to develop targeted behavioural interventions that will be piloted in partnership with London local authorities in Stage Two. This research focuses on the following types of fly-tipping due to the prevalence of these issues in London: -'Black bags' (i.e. bags of rubbish) fly-tipping by residents - Commercial waste fly-tipping by local shops and other businesses - Fly-tipping by transient populations - General fly-tipping by residents (bulky waste and other issues). Methodology: The research involved: 1) a desk-based analysis of fly-tipping data provided by 16 London local authorities and gathered from Defra's online WasteDataFlow database (2016/17 only); 2) four focus groups with 36 London residents who had disposed of their waste in a way that constitutes 'fly-tipping' over the past year; 3) eight semi-structured face-to-face interviews with representatives from local businesses in Southwark; and 4) an online survey with a statistically representative sample of 1,000 London residents. Details: London: London Environment Director's Network and Centre for Social Innovation, 2018. 57p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 18, 2019 at: https://www.keepbritaintidy.org/sites/default/files/resources/Understanding-and-Tackling-Fly-Tipping-in-London-Final-Report.pdf Year: 2018 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://www.londoncouncils.gov.uk/node/34141 Shelf Number: 156043 Keywords: Commercial Waste Environmental Crime Fly-Tipping Illegal Dumping Illegal Waste London Offences Against the Environment Waste Management |
Author: Hidago, D. Title: A Novel Initiative for Recovery and Restoration of Illegal Dumps in Rural Areas Summary: In the whole territory of Castilla y Leon (Spain), there are currently more than 2000 waste dumps that will be restored through a novel programme in the period 2017-2019 with an investment of more than 10 ME. Castilla y Leon regional government is currently implementing this programme in the province of Valladolid for the environmental recovery of areas heavily degraded by the deposit of inert waste, which entails the restoration of illegal dumps in the province bigger than 1000 m2, a total of 133. The programme also includes the implementation of an alternative and legal system for the management of construction and demolition waste, amongst other waste streams. The sealing of landfills and tailings is encompassed within the actions that the regional government is developing in the field of integrated management of waste for their prevention, recovery, recycling and disposal in all the provinces of the community, framed within the line established in the 7th Environmental Action Programme of the European Union. The situation of illegal deposits must be corrected both through direct situations on the affected areas and through measures aimed at ensuring proper management of construction and demolition waste and pruning. This paper shows the first results obtained after the implementation of this regional initiative with the focus set on the description of the implemented waste management programme. The programme provided 2518 services in 2017 managing 6000 t of waste which, without the implementation of this programme, would probably have ended up in illegal dumps. These waste streams included debris (33%), discarded appliances (45%) and pruning (22%). The costs associated with the management of these streams were 25.53 E/t debris, 183.16 E/t appliances and 162.40 E/t pruning. Details: Valladolid, Spain: CARTIF Technology Centre, 2019. 8p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 28, 2019 at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30854620 Year: 2019 Country: Spain URL: http://uest.ntua.gr/naxos2018/proceedings/pdf/NAXOS2018_Hidalgo(b)_etal.pdf Shelf Number: 156044 Keywords: Environmental Crime Illegal Dumping Illegal Dumps Illegal Waste Offences Against the Environment Rural Crime Waste Crime Waste Management |
Author: Navarro, Joan Title: Feathered Detectives: Real-Time GPS Tracking of Scavenging Gulls Pinpoints Illegal Waste Dumping Summary: Urban waste impacts human and environmental health, and waste management has become one of the major challenges of humanity. Concurrently with new directives due to manage this human by-product, illegal dumping has become one of the most lucrative activities of organized crime. Beyond economic fraud, illegal waste disposal strongly enhances uncontrolled dissemination of human pathogens, pollutants and invasive species. Here, we demonstrate the potential of novel real-time GPS tracking of scavenging species to detect environmental crime. Specifically, we were able to detect illegal activities at an officially closed dump, which was visited recurrently by 5 of 19 GPS-tracked yellow-legged gulls (Larus michahellis). In comparison with conventional land-based surveys, GPS tracking allows a much wider and cost-efficient spatiotemporal coverage, even of the most hazardous sites, while GPS data accessibility through the internet enables rapid intervention. Our results suggest that multi-species guilds of feathered detectives equipped with GPS and cameras could help fight illegal dumping at continental scales. We encourage further experimental studies, to infer waste detection thresholds in gulls and other scavenging species exploiting human waste dumps. Details: S.L., 2016. 9p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 28, 2019 at: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0159974 Year: 2016 Country: International URL: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0159974&type=printable Shelf Number: 156046 Keywords: Environmental Crime Illegal Dumping Illegal Dumps Illegal Waste Offences Against the Environment Pollution Waste Crime Waste Management |
Author: Smith, Louise Title: Fly-Tipping - The Illegal Dumping of Waste Summary: As waste is a devolved issue, this briefing paper focuses on England, unless otherwise specified. Information on Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland can be provided to Members and their staff on an enquiry by enquiry basis. What is fly tipping? Fly-tipping is the illegal disposal of household, industrial, commercial or other 'controlled' waste without a waste management licence. The waste can be liquid or solid. Fly-tipping is not the same as littering. More information on litter can be found in the Library Briefing Paper on Litter. How big is the problem? The most recent Government Fly-tipping statistics for England, 2016/17, show that: 1. For the 2016/17 year, local authorities in England dealt with around 1 million (1,002,000) fly-tipping incidents, a 7% increase from the previous year. 2. Two thirds (67%) of fly-tips involved household waste. Total incidents involving household waste increased by 8% from 2015/16. 3. The estimated cost of clearance for fly-tipping to local authorities in England in 2016/17 was 57.7 million. Responsibility for fly tipping and powers to require clearance:- Local authorities are responsible for investigating, clearing and taking appropriate enforcement action in relation to small scale fly-tipping on public land. - In England the Environment Agency is responsible for dealing with larger-scale flytipping (more than a lorry load), hazardous waste and fly-tipping by organised gangs. - On private land, it is normally the responsibility of the landowner to remove the waste and dispose of it legally. Local authorities and the Environment Agency have legal powers to require landowners to clear fly-tipped waste from their land. They also have powers to enter the land and clear it, and may seek reimbursement for costs related to it. Penalties for fly-tipping: Fly-tipping is a criminal offence punishable by a fine of up to 50,000 or 12 months imprisonment if convicted in a Magistrates' Court. The offence can attract an unlimited fine and up to 5 years imprisonment if convicted in a Crown Court. There are also a number of other possible penalties, including fixed penalty notices and having a vehicle seized. Concern about costs to private landowners: Concern has been raised about the costs involved to private landowners of clearing fly tipped waste from their land and several campaigns have been launched calling for change in this area. The Government has said that it does not intend to change the law here. Government plans for reform The Government has concerns about the situation where householders allow an unauthorised person to take their waste away, and where the waste is then fly-tipped. In January 2018 it published a consultation on proposals to tackle crime and poor performance in the waste sector and introduce a new fixed penalty for the waste duty of care. Further proposals related to fly tipping are expected in a forthcoming Resources and Waste Strategy. Details: London, England: House of Commons, 2016. 23p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 28, 2019 at: https://researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/SN05672 Year: 2018 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/SN05672#fullreport Shelf Number: 156047 Keywords: Commercial Waste Environmental Crime Fly-Tipping Illegal Dumping Illegal Waste Disposal Offences Against the Environment Waste Crime Waste Management |
Author: Brandt, Amory Anne Title: Illegal Dumping as an Indicator for Community Social Disorganization and Crime Summary: Illegal dumping of household waste in and around city streets results in many negative health, economic, and environmental effects. This goal of this study was to understand the systemic causes of illegal dumping within San Jose, California. Illegal dump sites were identified, quantified, characterized, and mapped within urban census block groups at a range of median family income levels. Results showed that commonly dumped debris types were furniture, and garbage. The most illegal dumping occurred within census block groups with low median family incomes, high percentages of non-English speaking individuals, and high percentages of renters. Factors such as social disorganization, inequitable levels of garbage service, and lack of awareness of free city programs could be causing illegal dumping within San Jose. Illegal dumping was also more prevalent in areas with occurrences of petty crime. This study concluded that illegal dumping has the potential to serve as a visual representation of social disorganization and crime within communities. Details: San Jose, California: San Jose State University, 2017. Source: Internet Resource Master's Thesis: Accessed May 28, 2019 at: https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=8382&context=etd_theses Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/etd_theses/4835/ Shelf Number: 156048 Keywords: Environmental Crime Illegal Dump Sites Illegal Dumping Illegal Dumps Illegal Waste Offences Against the Environment Waste Crime Waste Management |
Author: Korea. Ministry of Environment Title: Allbaro (Online Waste Disposal Verification System) Summary: In 1999, the Korean Ministry of Environment (MOE) introduced a waste disposal verification system to prevent illegal waste disposal. When the system was first introduced, paper vouchers were used. The system allowed establishing the basis of pursuing legal action against illegal waste management businesses by tracking the disposal process and methods using paper vouchers. However, there were many problems shown in the process. It was inconvenient for waste generators, transporters, and disposers to process them at the site and ended up being overly time consuming because the vouchers were written by hand and mailed. In addition, there were limitations for administrative bodies to prevent illegal treatment, since they were not able to track them during the entire process, and it was also difficult to confirm the 26 million vouchers issued every year. In response to the above mentioned problems, MOE began devising new techniques and systems to solve the problems and keep track of the waste disposal process in real time. As a result, Allbaro, an online waste disposal verification system was developed. Details: Seoul, Korea: Ministry of Environment and Korea Environment Institute, 2008. 12p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 30, 2019 at: http://www.unenvironment.org/resources/report/korea-environmental-policy-bulletin-allbaro-online-waste-disposal-verification Year: 2008 Country: Korea, South URL: https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/9044/-Korea%20Environmental%20Policy%20Bulletin%20-%20Allbaro%20(Online%20Waste%20Disposal%20Verification%20System)-2008Allbaro%20(Online%20Waste%20Disposal%20Verification Shelf Number: 156101 Keywords: Chemical Waste Environmental Crime Illegal Dumping Illegal Waste Disposal Offenses Against the Environment Waste Management |
Author: Wang, Jianan Title: Analysis and Solutions for Plastic Pollution in US Summary: This paper discusses the reasons of plastic pollution in the US in several aspects. The key point of pollution is massive disposable plastics and people should say no to them sooner or later. Then there are 4 alternative policies for solving the problem. All of them are evaluated, analyzed as well as some possible trade-offs. The current best choice is to increase landfill density while producing CH4 from landfill suit as a sustainable trade-off, and develop microorganisms of degrading plastics. But developing proper replacements through biotechnology and chemistry technologies will be the ultimate solution. Details: Chicago, Illinois: Illinois Institute of Technology, Stuart School of Business, 2015. 29p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 30, 2019 at: Rutgers School of Criminal Justice Library Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/45bq8/download Shelf Number: 156098 Keywords: Environmental Crime Offenses Against the Environment Plastic Pollution Pollution Waste Management |
Author: United Nations Environment Programme Title: Marine Plastic Debris and Microplastics: Global Lessons and Research to Inspire Action and Guide Policy Change Summary: Plastic debris, or litter, in the ocean is now ubiquitous. Society's adoption of plastics as a substitute for traditional materials has expanded almost exponentially since the 1950s, when large-scale plastic production began. Durability is a common feature of most plastics, and it is this property, combined with an unwillingness or inability to manage end-of-life plastic effectively that has resulted in marine plastics and microplastics becoming a global problem. As for many pollutants, plastic waste is a trans-boundary, complex, social, economic and environmental problem with few easy solutions. Warnings of what was happening were reported in the scientific literature in the early 1970s, with little reaction from much of the scientific community. It is only in the past decade that the scale and importance of the problem has received due attention. This report was prepared at the request of the first United Nations Environment Assembly, which took place 23-27 June 2014, hosted by UNEP in Nairobi, Kenya (Resolution 16/1). It is intended to summarise the state of our knowledge on sources, fate and effects of marine plastics and microplastics, and describe approaches and potential solutions to address this multifaceted conundrum. Plastic litter in the ocean can be considered a 'common concern of humankind'. The report is divided into four main sections: Background, Evidence Base, Taking Action, and Conclusions and Key Research Needs. The Background section describes the rationale for the report, noting that marine plastic litter is a global concern, and summarises the UNEA process. This is placed within the context of existing governance frameworks, at international and regional scales, and linked to the UN Sustainable Development Goals under Agenda 2030. The Evidence Base section provides the basis for the later discussion of potential reduction measures. It is divided into four chapters: Plastics, Sources, Distribution and fate, and Impacts. Plastics production increased rapidly from the 1950s, with global production reaching about 311 million tonnes in 2014. Plastics have been used increasingly in place of more traditional materials in many sectors, including construction, transportation, household goods and packaging. They have also been used for many novel applications including medical. There are many different varieties of polymer produced but in volume terms the market is dominated by a handful of main types: polyethylene (PE, high and low density), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polystyrene (PS, including expanded EPS) and polyurethane (PUR). Most plastics are synthesised from fossil fuels, but biomass can also be used. Packaging accounts for about one third of production, and much of this is designed for single-use. Plastics intended for more durable applications may be manufactured with additive chemicals to improve the material properties. These include plasticisers to soften the product, colouring agents, UV-resistance and flame-retardation, an important property for applications in transportation and electronics. Some of these chemicals have harmful properties when released into the environment. Microplastics are routinely defined as small particle or fragments of plastic measuring less than 5 mm in diameter. Some microplastics are purposefully manufactured for industrial and domestic purposes ('primary' microplastics). These include 'microbeads' used in cosmetic and personal healthcare products, such as toothpaste. 'Secondary' microplastics are created by the weathering and fragmentation of larger plastic objects. Weathering and fragmentation is enhanced by exposure to UV irradiation. The process becomes extremely slow once this is removed, as in much of the ocean. Plastics marked as 'biodegradable' do not degrade rapidly in the ocean. Sources of plastics and microplastics to the ocean are many and varied, but the actual quantities involved remain largely unknown. Reliable quantitative comparisons between the input loads of macro and microplastics, their sources, originating sectors and users are not possible at present, and this represents a significant knowledge gap. Estimates of some sources, such as municipal solid waste, have been made. These are useful to focus attention but the numbers should be treated with some caution due to the large uncertainties involved. Some of the most important land-based sources of larger plastic objects (macroplastics) include: construction, household goods, packaging, coastal tourism, and food and drink packaging. How much of this material enters the ocean will be dependent largely on the extent and effectiveness of wastewater and solid waste collection and management. Land-based sources of microplastics include: cosmetics and personal care products, textiles and clothing (syntheticfibres), terrestrial transport (dust from tyres), and plastic producers and fabricators (plastic resin pellets used in plastics manufacture). A variable proportion of microplastics will pass through wastewater treatment plants, depending on the sophistication of the equipment and procedures adopted, and regional differences are likely to be very significant. Sea-based sources appear to be dominated by the fisheries and shipping sectors. The quantities and types (size, shape, density, chemical composition) of material, together with the entry points to the ocean, will determine to a great extent the subsequent distribution and impact. Land-based inputs may be direct from shorelines or via rivers and wastewater pipelines. Inputs at sea may be from normal operations, accidental losses or deliberate discarding. There are likely to be significant regional differences in inputs to the ocean from land- and sea-based sources. Inadequate solid waste collection and management is considered to result in substantial leakages of plastics to the ocean. Rivers appear to act as conduits for significant but largely unquantified amounts of macro and microplastics, especially where catchments serve urbanised or industrial centres. Losses from commercial shipping correlate with busy shipping routes. Abandoned, lost or otherwise discarded fishing gear (ALDFG) gear tends to be concentrated in fishing grounds, but it can be transported considerable distances if floatation devices remain intact. Locally, aquaculture structures can produce significant quantities of plastic debris if damaged by storms. Marine plastics are distributed throughout the ocean, from the Arctic to the Antarctic. This is due to the durability of plastics, the global nature of potential sources and the ease to which surface currents will carry floating plastics. The surface circulation is well known and is amenable to modelling. There are several persistent features such as the five sub-tropical gyres in the Indian Ocean, North and South Atlantic, and North and South Pacific. These are areas with relatively high concentrations of floating microplastics. However, higher abundances of plastics (especially macroplastics) are also found in coastal waters, particularly in regions with: high coastal populations with inadequate waste collection and management; intensive fisheries; and, high levels of coastal tourism. Larger floating objects are also driven by winds, accumulating on mid-ocean islands and on shores distant from the source. Many types of plastic are denser than seawater so will sink once any initial buoyancy is removed. For example, empty drinks bottles made with the plastic PET are very common litter items on shorelines, but their ultimate fate is often the ocean sea floor. Most fishing gear will sink if the floatation buoys are removed. For this reason, much of the plastic debris in the ocean is out of sight, and will remain so for the foreseeable future. It is also the reason why no reliable estimate of the total quantity of plastic in the ocean has been made. Marine plastics can have significant ecological impacts. The impacts of macroplastics on biota are best known. Images of a dolphin or seal entangled in fishing gear, or the stomach of a young dead albatross full of plastic objects are arresting and can be distressing for the observer. However, some of the species affected are rare or endangered (IUCN red list) so there is concern also from a conservation perspective. Macro-debris can also cause damage to sensitive and at-risk habitats such as cold and warm water coral reefs. Microplastics have been found in many fish and shellfish species, and some cetaceans, but the impact is much more difficult to quantify and remains a knowledge gap. All sizes of plastic can provide an additional habitat for sessile organisms. This can have important implications, for example, in the success of jellyfish to extend their range. The rafting of species to a different region provides an additional mechanism for the introduction of non-indigenous species, most clearly demonstrated on the coast of North America as a consequence of the Japanese tsunami in 2011. Marine plastics can have direct social and economic impacts. Floating debris represents a navigation hazard and has been implicated in many accidents, some of which have resulted in fatalities. From the available limited evidence, it is concluded that microplastics in seafood do not currently represent a human health risk, although many uncertainties remain. However, there is great uncertainty about the possible effects of nano-sized plastic particles, which are capable of crossing cell walls. Economic losses include the cost of non-action (loss of income) and the cost of action (e.g. beach clean-ups). Marine plastic debris may cause a reduction in income as a result of reduced fishing days or reduced tourist numbers, if people are discouraged from visiting by the presence of litter. 'Ghost' fishing by derelict fishing gear results in significant losses of potential food for human consumption. The extent of the social and economic impact, and the options for remedying losses, are dependent on the social and economic context. This includes better understanding perceptions and attitudes and the economic circumstance as to why littering takes place. Improving wastewater and solid waste collection and management presents the most urgent short-term solution to reducing plastic inputs, especially in developing economies. This will also have other societal benefits in terms of human health, environmental degradation and economic development. Other priority areas include improving wastewater treatment and reducing ALDFG. However, a more sustainable solution in the longer term will be moving towards a more circular economy, in which waste is designed out of the production and use cycle, and society adopts more sustainable consumption patterns. There is sufficient evidence that marine plastics and microplastics are having an unacceptable impact to invoke the Precautionary Approach. This means that society should not wait until there is unequivocal and quantified evidence of the degree of impact before acting to reduce plastic inputs to the ocean. But this needs to be accompanied by an adaptive management approach. This should allow for sufficient flexibility to be built into governance frameworks, or technical measures, to permit for adjustment as more knowledge becomes available. In this way perverse incentives and unforeseen negative consequences can be removed as soon as they are recognised. Improved governance is of overarching importance, which includes looking at the effectiveness of existing measures and the extent to which they are succeeding in bringing about the intended solutions. Stakeholder engagement is key to designing and agreeing more sustainable production patterns, and in bringing about and implementing effective litter reduction and removal measures. This needs to take account of all representatives of each community, with due account given to gender and other demographic factors, and build effective partnerships, including between the public and private sectors. The private sector has an important role in fulfilling the expectation of extended producer responsibility (EPR) and including the environmental impact of waste plastics when carrying out Life-Cycle Analysis. Examples of measures are presented to bring about marine litter reduction and removal. These include Best Environmental Practices (BEPs), Best Available Techniques/Technologies (BATs), Market-Based Instruments (MBIs), legislation or some other intervention. These illustrate measures which have been successful, and which may have the potential to be replicated elsewhere. It is recognised that for most interventions to be fully successful there needs to be willingness by society to agree to the implementation, which is why the areas of education and awareness raising are important. Risk assessment is a key element in identifying appropriate intervention points and establishing which stakeholder groups need to be involved in helping to define the problem and potential solutions to 'close the loop' and prevent plastics escaping to the ocean. Criteria are presented to help select the most appropriate measures. Indicators of the state of the environment are needed to establish trends, set reduction targets and evaluate the effectiveness of any measures that are introduced. Harmonisation of monitoring and assessment approaches will help to select, implement and oversee measures for marine plastics reduction on regional scales. There is a great need to improve the sharing of knowledge and expertise, to encourage a more multi-disciplined approach, to develop public-private partnerships and empower citizen-led movements. The Global Partnerships on Marine Litter (GPML) and Waste Management (GPWM) should be utilised to this end, together with other local-, national- and regional-scale arrangements. There are several areas of research that should be pursued to gain a better understanding of the relative importance of different sources, and the fate and effects of marine macro and microplastics. Filling these knowledge gaps will help direct most cost-effectively the efforts taken to reducing further inputs of plastic to the ocean and mitigate the impacts of plastic debris that is already there. Details: Nairobi, Kenya: United Nations Environment Programme, 2018. 274p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 17, 2019 at: http://www.unenvironment.org/resources/report/marine-plastic-debris-and-microplastics-global-lessons-and-research-inspire-action Year: 2018 Country: International URL: https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/7720/-Marine_plasctic_debris_and_microplastics_Global_lessons_and_research_to_inspire_action_and_guide_policy_change-2016Marine_Plastic_Debris_and_Micropla.pdf?sequence=3& Shelf Number: 156470 Keywords: Aquaculture Environmental Crime Fisheries Ghost Fishing Marine Safety Microplastics Nanoplastics Offenses against the Environment Plastic Pollution Risk Assessment Waste Management |
Author: MacLeod, Melissa Title: Transnational Trafficking of Hazardous Waste from Developed to Developing Nations: Policies and Recommendations Summary: Transnational trafficking of e-waste has become a rising problem over time as the amount of waste produced in developed countries increases. Over time, the focus has moved from traditional industrial waste disposal to e-waste disposal. This acceptance of hazardous waste often leads to adverse health effects in the importing nation. As a case study, the history, consequences, current policies, and recommendations for hazardous waste trafficking are considered in the context of West Africa. Following the analysis, it is clear that despite strong policies on the importers part, there are confounding factors, such as economic expansion and corruption, which continue to drive the import of e-waste. Therefore, the recommendations are addressed to exporting nations which generally have well-developed economies, political systems, and technology thus increasing the likelihood of control over the situation. Details: Ottawa, Canada: Interdisciplinary Journal of Health Sciences, 2013. 7p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 19, 2019 at: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6a16/d80901eb2785c4851997180ad58e32f9b81e.pdf Year: 2013 Country: International URL: https://ruor.uottawa.ca/bitstream/10393/34393/1/Macleod.pdf Shelf Number: 156503 Keywords: E-Waste Environmental Crime Hazardous Waste Illegal Dumping Illegal Waste Offenses Against the Environment Waste Crime Waste Management |
Author: Gennaioli, Caterina Title: Toxic Roads: Unearthing Hazardous Waste Dumping Summary: Illegal disposal of hazardous waste has become an issue in both developing and developed countries. The available information on illegal dumping of hazardous waste dumping is fragmented and the lack of reliable data represents a significant obstacle to the study of the phenomenon. This paper adopts an innovative strategy to identify where toxic waste might have been illicitly dumped. The strategy relies on a crucial premise: road constructions provide an ideal setting in which the burial of hazardous waste may take place. Guided by the medical literature, we investigate the health outcomes of individuals living along recently built roads in Ethiopia. Using a unique dataset we find that an additional road within 5 kilometres is associated with an increase in infant mortality by 3 percentage points. We also provide evidence of lower haemoglobin level and higher incidence of severe anaemia in young children. Details: Dublin, Ireland: Trinity Economics Paper, 2017. 64p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 19, 2019 at: http://webspace.qmul.ac.uk/pmartins/CGRWP82.pdf Year: 2017 Country: Ethiopia URL: https://ideas.repec.org/p/tcd/tcduee/tep1817.html Shelf Number: 156504 Keywords: Environmental Crime Ethiopia Hazardous Waste Illegal Dumping Illegal Waste Offenses Against the Environment Waste Crime Waste Dumping Waste Management |
Author: McCann, Duncan Title: E-Waste Prevention, Take-Back System Design and Policy Approaches Summary: This paper explores the large variety of policy options that have been implemented around the world and it draws some conclusions about the nature of responses to the e-waste problem and potential policy recommendations. In the first decade of the 2000s, policymakers in industrialized and emerging countries focused their efforts on developing financing and awareness schemes aimed at ensuring better participation of both the private sector and individuals aimed at ensuring higher collection rates while maintaining the finances to meet the treatment costs. The authors of this paper encourage further research on reducing overall e-waste volumes arising worldwide, encouraging repair and reuse both by producers and consumers and promoting eco-design, which are currently underrepresented in the literature. In terms of policy recommendations, this paper seeks to present a variety of policy options, most of them having already been implemented to some degree in both industrialized and developing countries. A minority of recommendations are suggestions gathered from scientific work, the private sector or civil society organizations. The authors have tried to identify the advantages and disadvantages of each policy option, as there is no one-size-fits-all for e-waste policy and what works under some conditions may be inappropriate in others. Details: Tokyo, Japan: United Nations University, Solving the E-Waste Problem (STEP), 2015. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 16, 2019 at: http://collections.unu.edu/eserv/UNU:6129/step_gp_prevention_take_back_system.pdf Year: 2015 Country: International URL: http://collections.unu.edu/view/UNU:6129#viewAttachments Shelf Number: 156811 Keywords: E-Tech E-Waste Electronic Waste Environmental Crime Hazardous Waste Illegal Waste Offences Against the Environment Pollution Waste Management |
Author: Alfthan, Bjorn Title: Waste Management Outlook for Mountain Regions: Sources and Solutions Summary: Mountains play an essential role in supplying water, energy, food and other services to millions of people living in the mountains and downstream. Ensuring the continued supply of these services has never been more important. However, many mountain regions are experiencing a growing solid waste problem, from ever-expanding urban sprawls and cities, increasing consumption patterns, existing and past mining operations, tourism activities and practises of illegal dumping. The good news is that there are many options available to prevent and manage waste in mountain environments, in ways that protect mountain ecosystems and people, and prevent problems from migrating downstream. This report highlights both the challenges and the solutions for sound waste management in mountain regions. Details: Vienna, Austria: United Nations Environment Programme, 2016. 92p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 21, 2019 at: https://wedocs.unep.org/handle/20.500.11822/16794 Year: 2016 Country: International URL: https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/16794/waste_mgt_mountain.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Shelf Number: 157027 Keywords: Environmental Crimes Illegal Dumping Offenses against the Environment Solid Waste Waste Management |